Between Moscow, Warsaw and Kiev. German Eastern Policy Before the Outbreak of the Full‑ Scale Russian War in Ukraine – Selected Aspects

Abstract

The article analyses selected issues related to the eastern policy of the united Germany. The main caesuras of this policy over the years have been defined. The main thread concerns Germany’s actions that took place between the Russian attack on Ukraine in 2014 and the outbreak of a full‑scale war in February 2022. For m.in example, the discussion on sanctions against Russia or the controversial Nord Stream gas pipeline network was analysed. At the same time, the diverse opinions on Eastern policy that have appeared over the years in the German socio‑political discourse are presented.