Abstrakt
Artykuł koncentruje się na dyskursie filozoficznym dotyczącym możliwej Federacji Europejskiej, odzwierciedlonym w szkicach Wiecznego pokoju autorstwa niemieckiego filozofa Immanuela Kanta oraz francuskiego filozofa Jeana‑Jacques’a Rousseau.
Wykraczając poza hipotetyczne możliwości i ramy wiecznego pokoju sformułowane przez teoretyków Oświecenia, tekst rozwija się w analizę praktycznej realizacji tych idei, odnosząc je do podmiotu ponadnarodowego, jakim jest Unia Europejska. Istotnym punktem jest również tandem francusko‑niemiecki, ponieważ to wybitni myśliciele z tych dwóch narodów zainicjowali i zwieńczyli omawiany dyskurs filozoficzny. Duch tej intelektualnej współpracy jest obecny na wielu poziomach jako integralny element polityki wewnętrznej i zagranicznej, a zarazem jako jeden z głównych czynników przyczyniających się do procesów integracji europejskiej, zwłaszcza w przekładaniu teoretycznych implikacji idei wiecznego pokoju na praktykę. Artykuł wyodrębnia podstawowe zasady leżące u podstaw teorii Wiecznego pokoju i ocenia ich zgodność oraz znaczenie dla natury Unii Europejskiej, definiując tandem intelektualny jako ramę metodologiczną dla przyszłej analizy.
Bibliografia
Bonde, J.P. (2011) ‘The European Union’s democratic deficit: how to fix it’, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 17(2), pp. 147–162. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24590804 (Accessed: 22 October 2025).
Brandt, W. (1971) Nobel Prize lecture, Nobel Prize Outreach, 11 December. Available at: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1971/brandt/lecture (Accessed: 4 June 2025).
Burchill, S. et al. (2013) Theories of international relations. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cuyvers, A. (2017) ‘General principles of EU law’, in East African Community Law: Institutional, Substantive and Comparative EU Aspects, pp. 217–228, Leiden/Boston: Brill. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76vj2.16 (Accessed: 22 October 2025).
Die Bundesregierung (2023) Speech by Olaf Scholz, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and Member of the German Bundestag, at the joint meeting of the French National Assembly and the German Bundestag marking the 60th anniversary of the signing of the Élysée Treaty Paris, 22 January 2023. Available at: https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg‑en/service/archive/speech‑by‑olaf‑scholz‑2160304 (Accessed: 4 June 2025).
Die Bundesregierung (2024) Speech by Federal Chancellor Scholz at the ceremony marking the 300th birthday of Immanuel Kant on April 22, 2024 in Berlin. Press and Information Office of the Federal Government. Available at: https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg‑de/aktuelles/rede‑von‑bundeskanzler‑scholz‑beim‑festakt‑zum‑300‑geburtstag‑von‑immanuel‑kant‑am‑22‑april‑2024‑in‑berlin‑2272896 (Accessed: 20 January 2025).
European University Institute (1926) First Paneuropean Congress (16–19 December 1926): Archived letters of Richard Coudenhove‑Kalergi, EUI Archives. Available at: https://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/181695 (Accessed: 4 June 2025).
Franceschet, A. (2002) Kant and liberal internationalism: sovereignty, justice, and global reform. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gismondi, M.D. (2008) Ethics, liberalism and realism in international relations. London: Routledge.
Goormaghtigh, J. (1954) ‘France and the European Defence Community’, International Journal, 9(2), pp. 96–106. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/40197989 (Accessed: 20 January 2025).
Grabbe, H. (2004) ‘EU expansion and democracy’, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 5(2), pp. 73–79. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43134290 (Accessed: 20 January 2025).
Hueske, J.-L. (2024) ‘Scholz calls for peace in Ukraine in first phone call with Putin in more than two years’, Euronews, 15 November 2024. Available at: https://www.euronews.com/my‑europe/ 2024/11/15/scholz‑calls‑for‑peace‑in‑ukraine‑in‑first‑phone‑call‑with‑putin‑in‑more‑than‑two‑years (Accessed: 22 October 2025).
Ioannides, I., Jančová, L. and Navarra, C. (2023) Qualified majority voting in common foreign and security policy: A cost of non‑Europe report, European Parliamentary
Research Service. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/
STUD/2023/740243/EPRS_STU(2023)740243_EN.pdf (Accessed: 22 October 2025).
Kant, I. (1983) Perpetual peace and other essays. Translated by T. Humphrey. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
Kant, I. (2017) Prolegomena to any future metaphysic, Translated and edited by J. Bennett. Early Modern Texts. Available at: https://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/kant1783.pdf (Accessed: 19 March 2025).
Kant, I. (2019) Groundwork for the metaphysics of morals. Translated by R. Stern, J. Saunders, and C. Bennett. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kanter, A. (1970) ‘The European Defense Community in the French National Assembly: A roll call analysis’, Comparative Politics, 2(2), pp. 203–228. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/421278 (Accessed: 22 October 2025).
Kapossy, B. et al. (2018) Markets, morals, politics. Jealousy of trade and the history of political thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kauppi, M.V. and Viotti, P.R. (2020) International relations theory. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
Layne, C. (1994) ‘Kant or Cant: the myth of the democratic peace’, International Security, 19(2), pp. 5–49. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539195 (Accessed: 22 October 2025).
Lubov, D.C. (2022) ‘Pope meets French President Emmanuel Macron’, Vatican News, 24 October. Available at: https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2022‑10/pope‑francis‑meets‑french‑president‑emmanuel‑macron.html (Accessed: 22 October 2025).
Nakhimovsky, I. (2011) The closed commercial state. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Oltermann, P. (2022) ‘German chancellor “stalling on heavy weaponry to Ukraine”’, The Guardian, 14 April. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/14/german‑chancellor‑stalling‑heavy‑weaponry‑ukraine‑coalition‑olaf‑scholz‑russia‑offensive (Accessed: 22 October 2025).
Patel, K.K. (2020) Project Europe: A history. Translated by M. Dale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Roldan, C. (2011) ‘Perpetual peace, federalism and the republic of the spirits: Leibniz between Saint‑Pierre and Kant’, Studia Leibnitiana, 43(1), pp. 87–102.
Rousseau, J.J. (1755) Discourse on the origins of inequality among men. Translated by J.R. Bush. Amsterdam: Marc Michel Rey.
Rousseau, J.J. (1761) A project for perpetual peace by J. J Rousseau, Citizen of Geneva. Translated by M. Cooper. London: M. Cooper.
Rousseau, J.J. (1917) A lasting peace through the federation of Europe and the state of war. Translated by C.E. Vaughan. London: Constable and Company Limited.
Rousseau, J.J. (2005) The plan for perpetual peace; On the government of Poland and other writings on history and politics. Translated by C. Kelly and J.R. Bush. London: University Press of New England.
Russett, B. et al. (1994) ‘The democratic peace’, International Security, 19(4), pp. 164–184. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539124 (Accessed: 20 January 2025).
Salikov, A. (2015) ‘Kant’s perpetual peace project and the project of the European Union’, Kantian Journal, 34, pp. 70–79. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323566022_Kant’s_Perpetual_Peace_Project_and_the_Project_of_the_European_Union (Accessed: 22 October 2025).
Robert Schuman European Center (1999) The Coming Century of Supranational Communities. Available at: https://www.schuman.info/Strasbourg549.htm (Accessed: 4 December 2025).
Seth, A. (1893) ‘The epistemology of neo‑Kantianism and subjective idealism’, The Philosophical Review, 2(3), pp. 293–315.
Staring, S. (2011) ‘Habermas, Kant and the European Union’, APSA 2011 Annual Meeting Paper, pp. 1–30. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1903208 (Accessed: 22 October 2025).
Taz (1990) Kohl zitiert Kant bei der KSZE: ‘Europa des ewigen Friedens’, 20 November. Available at: https://taz.de/Kohl‑zitiert‑Kant‑bei‑der‑KSZE‑Europa‑des‑ewigen‑Friedens/!1743488 (Accessed: 22 October 2025).
Termiński, B. (2011) ‘The evolution of the concept of perpetual peace in the history of political‑legal thought’, Revista Escuela de Historia, 10(1). Available at: https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/638/63819969002.pdf (Accessed: 20 March 2025).
Van de Riet, J. and Klaver, F. (2023) ‘The EU and Russian aggression: Perspectives from Kant, Hobbes and Machiavelli’, European Papers, 8(3), pp. 1523–1537. Available at: https://www.europeanpapers.eu/system/files/pdf_version/EP_EF_2023_I_046_Joris_van_de_Riet_Femke_Klaver_00728.pdf (Accessed: 22 October 2025).
Varoufakis, Y. (2015) ‘The refugee crisis, Immanuel Kant and Germany’s moral leadership’, Social Europe, 16 September. Available at: https://www.socialeurope.eu/the‑refugee‑crisis‑immanuel‑kant‑and‑germanys‑moral‑leadership (Accessed: 22 October 2025).
Wessel, R.A. and den Hertogh, L. (2013) ‘EU foreign, security and defence policy: A competence‑responsibility gap?’, in Evans, M. and Koutrakos, P. (eds.) The international responsibility of the European Union. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Wu, C.Y. (2023) ‘Challenging paternalistic interference: the case for non‑intervention in a globalized world’, Harvard International Law Journal, 65(1), pp. 253–282.
Zielonka, J. (2025) ‘Europe’s perilous path: It’s a rush before the crash’, Social Europe, 24 July. Available at: https://www.socialeurope.eu/europes‑perilous‑path‑its‑a‑rush‑before‑the‑crash (Accessed: 22 October 2025).

Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Międzynarodowe.