Słowa kluczowe
Jak cytować
Abstrakt
W artykule poddano analizie historyczną tożsamość UE oraz przeszkody, z jakimi obecnie się mierzy, zmuszające ją do znacznych zmian wewnętrznych i rekonfiguracji. Ponadto zbadano, jak Unia postrzega przystąpienie Ukrainy do UE: z perspektywy wspólnoty moralnej, systemu poddawanego presji czy projektu w trakcie ewolucji. W artykule dowodzi się, że przyjęcie Ukrainy może stać się katalizatorem strategicznej transformacji UE w szybko zmieniającym się międzynarodowym ładzie.
Bibliografia
Bendarzsevszkij, A. (2025) Impacts of Ukraine’s accession on the EU and its member states: Policy Brief. Brussels: Institute for European Policy. Available at: https:// www.europeum.org/en/articles‑and‑publications/policy‑brief‑impacts‑of‑ukraines‑accession‑on‑the‑eu‑and‑its‑member‑states/ (Accessed: 28 October 2025).
Borkowski, P. (2024) ‘Wojna a tożsamość międzynarodowa Unii Europejskiej’, Sprawy Międzynarodowe, 77(2). Available at: https://czasopisma.isppan.waw.pl/sm/article/view/2807 (Accessed: 12 October 2025).
Cingari, P. (2025) ‘Trump at Davos: NATO 5% push, tariff warnings for Europe’, Euronews, 23 January. Available at: https://www.euronews.com/business/2025/01/23/trump‑at‑davos‑nato‑5‑push‑tariff‑warnings‑for‑europe (Accessed: 27 October 2025).
deLisle, J. (2016) ‘International law in the Obama administration’s pivot to Asia the China seas disputes, the Trans‑Pacific Partnership, rivalry with the PRC, and status quo legal norms in U.S. foreign policy’, Journal of International Law, 48(1). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol48/iss1/10 (Accessed: 26 October 2025).
Dinan, D. (2014) Europe recast: A history of the European Union. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Djordjevic, M.D. and Kyrychenko, K. (2025) ‘Can the EU afford to wait? Why Ukraine’s membership is a strategic imperative’, Public International Law & Policy Group, 28 May. Available at: https://www.publicinternationallawandpolicygroup.org/lawyering‑justice‑blog/2025/5/28/can‑the‑eu‑afford‑to‑wait‑why‑ukraines‑membership‑is‑a‑strategic‑imperative (Accessed: 23 October 2025).
Duchêne, F. (1972) ‘Europe’s role in world peace’, in Mayne, R. (ed.) Europe tomorrow: Sixteen Europeans look ahead. London: Fontana, pp. 32–47.
Duchêne, F. (1973) ‘The European Community and the uncertainties of interdependence’, in Kohnstamm, M. and Hager, W. (eds.) A nation writ large? Foreign policy problems before the European Community. London: Macmillan.
Élysée (2022) Speech by the President of the French Republic at the conference of ambassadors, 1 September. Available at: https://www.elysee.fr/en/emmanuel‑macron/2022/09/01/speech‑by‑the‑president‑of‑the‑french‑republic‑at‑the‑conference‑of‑ambassadors‑1 (Accessed: 25 October 2025).
European Council (2022) President Michel’s message to the Ukrainian Congress of local and regional authorities, 27 April. Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press‑releases/2022/04/27/president‑michel‑s‑message‑to‑the‑ukrainian‑congress‑of‑local‑and‑regional‑authorities (Accessed: 16 October 2025).
European Council (2023) Speech by President Charles Michel at the EU Ambassadors Conference 2023, 6 November. Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press‑releases/2023/11/06/speech‑by‑president‑charles‑michel‑at‑the‑eu‑ambassadors‑conference‑2023 (Accessed: 25 October 2025).
European Parliament (2022) Sanna Marin: Europe needs strategic autonomy in energy, food, defence and technology, 13 September. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20220908STO40007/sanna‑marin‑europe‑needs‑strategic‑autonomy‑in‑energy‑food‑and‑technology (Accessed: 25 October 2025).
European Pravda (2023) ‘European Council President spoke to Parliament: Ukraine is Europe. Our future is bound together’, 19 January. Available at: https://www.eurointegration.com.ua/eng/news/2023/01/19/7154470 (Accessed: 16 October 2025).
European Union (n.d.) The Schuman Declaration, May 1950. Available at: https://european‑union.europa.eu/principles‑countries‑history/history‑eu/1945‑59/schuman‑declaration‑may‑1950_en (Accessed: 25 October 2025).
Foucher, M. and Giuliani, J.-D. (2008) ‘The European Union and the Russo‑Georgian War’, European Issues, 108, Paris: Fondation Robert Schuman. Available at: https://www.robert‑schuman.eu/en/european‑issues/108‑the‑european‑union‑and‑the‑russo‑georgian‑war (Accessed: 13 October 2025).
Garton Ash, T. (2024) ‘As Putin and Trump threaten from east and west, Europe must stand up for itself ’, The Guardian, 6 February. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/feb/06/vladimir‑putin‑donald‑trump‑europe‑defence‑community (Accessed: 14 October 2025).
Hakverir Kutman, B. (2021) ‘Effect of culture and identity on the EU enlargement process’, EUROPolitika, 5(10), pp. 77–98. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/54369985/Effect_Of_Culture_and_Identity_On_The_Eu_Enlargement_Process (Accessed: 23 October 2025).
Kopeček, M. (2019) ‘Sovereignty, “return to Europe” and democratic distrust in the East after 1989 in the light of Brexit’, Contemporary European History, 28(1), pp. 73–76. Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary‑european‑history/article/sovereignty‑return‑to‑europe‑and‑democratic‑distrust‑in‑the‑east‑after‑1989‑in‑the‑light‑of‑brexit/C7C25A37DE239977E490ACF8D6D4151 (Accessed: 20 October 2025).
Maggiore, M., Miñano, L. and Schmidt, N. (2022) ‘EU member states exported weapons to Russia after the 2014 embargo’, Investigate Europe, 17 March. Available at: https://www.investigate‑europe.eu/en/posts/eu‑states‑exported‑weapons‑to‑russia (Accessed: 13 October 2025).
Manners, I. (2002) ‘Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms?’, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), pp. 235–258. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468‑5965.00353 (Accessed: 10 October 2025).
Manners, I. (2006) ‘The European Union as a normative power: A response to Thomas Diez’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 35(1), pp. 167–180.
Monnet, J. (1976), Mémoires. Paris: Libraire Arthème Fayard.
Nimark, A. (2025) ‘What the US military disengagement means for European security?’, CIDOB Opinion, 839, June. Available at: https://www.cidob.org/en/publications/what‑us‑military‑disengagement‑means‑european‑security (Accessed: 26 October 2025).
Pohl, I.J. (2024) ‘Forged in crisis? Assessing the EU’s evolving actorness on energy security in light of energy supply crises’, CERGU Working Paper Series, 1. Available at: https://www.gu.se/sites/default/files/2024‑01/CERGU%20WP%201%202023_Imke%20Pohl.pdf (Accessed: 26 October 2025).
Psaropoulos, J.T. (2025) ‘Europe lacks coordination as Russia “prepares for war with NATO”: Experts’, Al Jazeera, 27 October. Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/27/europe‑lacks‑coordination‑as‑russia‑prepares‑for‑war‑with‑nato‑experts (Accessed: 20 October 2025).
Savorskaya, E. (2015) ‘The concept of the European Union’s normative power’, Baltic Region, 7(4), pp. 66–76. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299526095_The_concept_of_the_European_Union’s_normative_power (Accessed: 10 October 2025).
Scazzieri, L. (2025) ‘NATO after the Hague summit: Building the European pillar’, The European Union Institute for Security Studies, 27 June. Available at: https://www.iss.europa.eu/publications/commentary/nato‑after‑hague‑summit‑building‑european‑pillar (Accessed: 28 October 2025).
Schmidt, J. and Koutrakos, P. (2013) ‘The EU common security and defence policy’, European Journal of International Law, 24(4), pp. 1257–1260. Available at: https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/24/4/1257/606403 (Accessed: 30 October 2024).
Silva, F. (2024) ‘The European Union’s role in a changing international order: The Global Gateway Initiative’, População e Sociedade, 42(42), pp. 57–76. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388000909_The_European_Union’s_role_in_a_changing_International_Order_The_Global_Gateway_Initiative (Accessed: 11 October 2025).
The White House (2018) Remarks by President Trump at press conference after NATO Summit, Brussels, Belgium. Available at: https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings‑statements/ remarks‑president‑trump‑press‑conference‑nato‑summit‑brussels‑belgium (Accessed: 27 October 2025).
Trump, D. (2017) ‘Address to the People of Poland’, American Rhetoric, Available at: https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/donaldjtrumpwarsawspeech.htm (Accessed: 27 October 2025).
Vicente, A. (2022) ‘Why Europe slept? The failure to prevent the war in Ukraine’, European Leadership Network, 4 May. Available at: https://europeanleadershipnetwork.org/commentary/why‑europe‑slept‑the‑failure‑to‑prevent‑the‑war‑in‑ukraine (Accessed: 13 October 2025).
Wertheim, S. (2025) ‘Although Europeans think the United States has been the security guarantor of Europe for eight decades, that’s not quite true’, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 12 March. Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2025/03/although‑europeans‑think‑that‑the‑united‑states‑has‑been‑the‑security‑guarantor‑of‑europe‑for‑eight‑decades‑thats‑not‑quite‑true (Accessed: 27 October 2025).
Wintour, P. (2025) ‘Merz strikes urgent tone in calling for more European independence from US’, The Guardian, 24 February. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/feb/24/friedrich‑merz‑germany‑europe‑independence‑from‑us (Accessed: 14 October 2025).
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Międzynarodowe.