Economic and Political Thought
type: channel
description: Economic and Political Thought (online ISSN 2545-0964, ISSN 2081-5913) a peer-reviewed quarterly of the Faculty of Economics and Management of Lazarski University. Economic and Political Thought quarterly has been published since January 2010 and is a continuation of the peer-reviewed journal „Economic and Legal Thought”, which was published from 2003 until the end of 2009. Its genesis and evolution reflect the history of Lazarski University, one of the oldest non-public higher education institutions in Poland.
publisher: Oficyna Wydawnicza Uczelni Łazarskiego
language: en
publication name: Economic and Political Thought
issn: 2081-5913
items: The Phenomenon of Energy Poverty in Central and Eastern European Countries in the Context of Sustainable Development
items: One Issue Parties in Poland: A Comparative Analysis
items: From Innovation to Technorivalization. The Dynamics of Technological Security: Technocolonialism, Technonationalism, Technological Hegemony, and Technological Protectionism
items: Migration and German Security: Analysis of Threats, Integration Challenges and Migration Management Strategies
items: Evolution of Real Estate Tax Rates for Business Activities in Poland in 2018–2024: Analysis of Trends and Conditions
items: The Role of International Trade in Economic Growth: Results from Bayesian Model Averaging of Dynamic Panels
items: The Federalisation of EU Member States: The Implications for Poland’s Economy and International Relations
items: Eastern Europe in the Face of Russia’s Geopolitical Revisionism
items: Europeanisation Revisited: Polish–German Relations in the New Era
items: Oil, Power, and Strategy: A Game Theory Analysis of Geopolitical Interactions in the Guiana Region
items: Legal Conditions for Conducting Master of Business Administration (MBA) Postgraduate Studies in Poland
items: Reception of Tocqueville’s Theory of Democracy in The Fall of Western Civilization by Florian Znaniecki
items: Liberty and Citizenry in the Polish‑ Lithuanian Commonwealth: Actonian Approach
items: Psychological Aspects of Forced Migrations: The Case of Ukrainians Studying in Polish Schools
items: Macroeconomic Shocks and Institutional Reconfiguration of Economic Governance in the European Union
items: Determinants of Leadership as Reflected in the Subject Literature and in the Context of Education Management in Poland
items: The Competitiveness of the Polish Economy in the Face of Climate Challenges and EU Regulations
items: The Effect of Oil Production on Various Macroeconomic Factors: The Case Study of the Economy of Kazakhstan
items: Competency Exclusion as a Challenge of the Modern Labuor Market – Recommendations and Best Practices
items: In Dubio Pro Tributario: The Idea of Protecting Taxpayers in the Face of the Reality of the Polish Tax System
items: The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis: Causes, Mechanisms, Consequences
items: The Price of a Member of Parliament’s Seat. How Much Does It Cost to Convince a Voter? A Comparison of Expenditures on Election Campaigns by Polish Political Parties in 2011–2019
items: Migration and Higher Education in Poland
items: The Rule of Law Crisis and Political Economy. The Case of Poland
items: Selected VAT and Excise Duty Problems Regarding to Prosumer
items: Sustainable Financing Instruments in the Context of the Eastern Partnership Program
items: Current Issues of Financing “Green” Projects
items: The Impact of the Presence of a Rival on the Propensity to Engage One’s Own Cognitive Resources in a Discounting Situation
items: State policy on the residential real estate market: efficiency of property taxes in OECD countries
items: The Illusion of Explanatory Depth from the Perspective of Consumer Behavior, Business and Economics

The Phenomenon of Energy Poverty in Central and Eastern European Countries in the Context of Sustainable Development
type: item
description: The article addresses the issue of energy poverty in Central and Eastern European countries in the context of sustainable development and the ongoing energy transition. It highlights the dynamic transformation of the power systems in these countries, which are striving to replace high-emission fossil fuels with low-emission energy sources, including renewables (RES). The article provides a detailed analysis of the relationship between the share of RES in the energy mix and the level and volatility of electricity prices, as well as its impact on the phenomenon of energy poverty.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: energy poverty, energy transition, renewable energy sources, sustainable development
  topic: keywords
creator: Maciej Mróz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lazarski University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 142
ending page: 163

One Issue Parties in Poland: A Comparative Analysis
type: item
description: The aim of this article is a comparative analysis of parties and single-purpose parties in Poland, with particular focus on Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland, the Palikot Movement, Kukiz’15 and Nowoczesna. The author wants to understand the factors of the electoral success of these groupings and the reasons for their decline despite an initial increase in popularity. The analysis covers the dynamics of organisational development and changes in support of these parties, their programmes, political strategies and the role of leaders. The researched article analyses the phenomenon of single-purpose parties in Poland, such as Samoobrona RP, Ruch Palikota, Kukiz’15 and Nowoczesna. The author examines why these parties, despite their initial success, do not last long on the political scene. Single issue parties are a common phenomenon in political systems, including Poland. Although short-lived, groupings such as the Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland and the Palikot Movement have had a significant impact on the political landscape. Studying these parties can help to understand the role of charismatic leaders and populism in society and politics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: political parties, comparative analysis, single purpose parties, single issue parties, successes and failures, electoral performance, role of leades
  topic: keywords
creator: Nikodem Olchowski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lazarski University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 124
ending page: 141

From Innovation to Technorivalization. The Dynamics of Technological Security: Technocolonialism, Technonationalism, Technological Hegemony, and Technological Protectionism
type: item
description: Technological security is one of the most significant challenges in the era of global competition and dynamic technological development. This article analyzes four key concepts shaping the contemporary technological and geopolitical landscape: techno- colonialism, techno-nationalism, technological hegemony, and technological protectionism. The aim is to systematize knowledge about these phenomena, highlighting their characteristics, objectives, and potential risks. The comparative analysis reveals similarities and differences among the discussed concepts, based on a review of scientific literature and existing data, such as reports from international organizations and strategic documents. The application of synthesis and deduction methods enabled the creation of a coherent analytical model, illustrating theoretical considerations with practical examples. The analysis concludes that these four concepts are interconnected and constitute elements of a broader state strategy in the context of global technological competition.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: technological security, techno-colonialism, techno-nationalism, technological hegemony, technological protectionism
  topic: keywords
creator: Piotr Lewandowski
creator: Lidia Stępińska-Ustasiak
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lazarski University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 95
ending page: 123

Migration and German Security: Analysis of Threats, Integration Challenges and Migration Management Strategies
type: item
description: The article examines the challenges and threats to Germany’s internal security related to migration and immigration, as well as the actions taken by the German government in response to these challenges. In recent years, Germany, one of the main destination countries for migrants from regions affected by conflicts and economic crises, has faced increasing challenges in the field of border protection, crisis management and social integration. The aim of the article is a multi‑aspect analysis of the issue of migration and immigration from a security perspective, taking into account both the socio‑economic and geopolitical aspects that contemporary Europe is facing. The work carried out a detailed analysis of scientific literature, government documents, public reports and statistical data to present a wide range of issues and challenges related to migration. The article discusses the main directions of German migration policy, preventive measures and integration strategies, as well as activities undertaken in the field of international cooperation and within the European Union. In addition, a case study method was used to illustrate specific situations that triggered a particular social and governmental response and to assess the effectiveness of policies implemented in Germany. The research results indicate that migration is a source of both economic opportunities and threats for Germany, which may manifest themselves in increased social tensions, the risk of radicalization and an increase in crime. Effective integration actions and cooperation at European level are key to minimizing the negative effects of migration and promoting social stability. At the end of the article, recommendations are presented that can support Germany in further developing its migration policy, which is a model for other countries, including Poland. Adapting these solutions can also bring significant benefits at the national level.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: migration, internal security, Germany, migration policy, social integration, security threats, integration policy
  topic: keywords
creator: Marcin Marczyński
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lazarski University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 77
ending page: 84

Evolution of Real Estate Tax Rates for Business Activities in Poland in 2018–2024: Analysis of Trends and Conditions
type: item
description: The development of real estate rates is a process that changes both under the influence of top-down maximum rates and decisions of the municipal authorities. The article analyzes the evolution of real estate tax rates for business activities. The study covered all 2,477 communes in Poland in 2018–2024. Trends in real estate tax rates by buildings and land in particular years were analyzed. The article also included an analysis of tax rates in individual types of municipalities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: real estate tax, corporate taxation, municipal tax policy
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Andrzejak
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lazarski University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 59
ending page: 76

The Role of International Trade in Economic Growth: Results from Bayesian Model Averaging of Dynamic Panels
type: item
description: This paper addresses issues connected with economic growth, how the theory on it has changed and also what its potential determinants are. In order to do so, the panel data was constructed for 129 countries with the time period of 1975-2015. In addition to this, the paper also accounts for the model uncertainty as well as reverse causality issues that may arise while dealing with such data. The methodology applied in the research consists of the Moral-Benito (2016) framework combined with the bayesian model averaging method (BMA). Out of the five variables, only one turned out to be fragile. The other four appeared to be robust with three of them at the most restrictive level. What is more, the paper also presents the potential reasoning behind obtained results and upholds the hypothesis that international trade has a positive impact on the economic growth.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: function, regressors, likelihood, coefficient, variable, threshold, formula
  topic: keywords
creator: Daniel Czyżewski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lazarski University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 38
ending page: 58

The Federalisation of EU Member States: The Implications for Poland’s Economy and International Relations
type: item
description: This article aims to assess the potential impact of the envisaged European Union (EU) federalisation on Poland’s economy and its international relations. The authors explore Poland’s readiness for this change and employ various research methods, including a review of existing literature, analysis of documents and reports from the European Commission, as well as political discourse analysis. Additionally, the authors delve into Germany’s perspective on EU federalisation and its influencing factors, providing illustrative examples throughout. The current situation in the European Union requires a retrospective view of the important events to better understand Poland’s economic and political situation. The Maastricht Treaty from 1992 abandoned the concept of economic cooperation of the independent countries which was stated under The Treaty of Rome in 1957 and introduced the idea of unification of the countries in economic, political and cultural dimensions to put a political integration forward. The value of this article is the evaluation of the federalisation impact on Poland’s further economic and political development. In the opinion of some authors due to the cultural and social differences among the member states of the EU, the German concept of federalism cannot serve as the model for the EU but rather as cooperative federalism. The evaluation of approved 245 changes to the Treaties, in the opinion of the authors, is rather centralism than federalism, where the power and the strategic competence are shifted from the EU member states to the Executive (currently: the European Commission).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Federalisation, Poland, Germany, The European Government, Altiero Spinelli
  topic: keywords
creator: Robert Dygas
creator: Paweł Lesiak
creator: Magdalena Suska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lazarski University https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 7
ending page: 37

Eastern Europe in the Face of Russia’s Geopolitical Revisionism
type: item
description: This article examines the political and geostrategic situation of selected Eastern European countries in the context of Russia’s growing neo‑imperial ambitions and the ongoing armed conflict in Ukraine. It focuses on key developments in 2021, including attempts to revive the Russia–Ukraine dialogue via the Normandy Format and the deepening dependence of Belarus on the Russian Federation. The author explores how Moscow’s actions—ranging from energy pressure to historical revisionism—serve to destabilize the region and undermine the Western‑oriented aspirations of post‑Soviet states. Particular attention is given to the role of the European Union and its Eastern policy, which faces serious challenges amid war, shifting regional security dynamics, and internal EU fragmentation. The central research question concerns whether the EU can maintain an assertive and coherent strategy toward Eastern Europe or whether we are heading toward another “reset” in relations with Russia. The article concludes by stressing the need for a profound rethinking of the EU’s approach toward its eastern neighbourhood and the importance of enhancing regional resilience against Russian influence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Eastern Europe, Russia, Neo‑imperialism, Ukraine conflict, Belarus, EU foreign policy, Geopolitical resilience
  topic: keywords
creator: Tomasz Stępniewski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Polska https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 286
ending page: 300

Europeanisation Revisited: Polish–German Relations in the New Era
type: item
description: Following Germany’s unification and the end of communism, Polish–German relations experienced remarkable improvement, transforming from a heavily guarded frontier into a practically invisible border. This transformation facilitated EU enlargement, increased trade, and enhanced people‑to‑people contact, with Polish services catering to German customers, and German supermarkets offering bilingual displays. Until 2015–2016, perceptions of this relationship consistently improved in both countries, with Poland’s former foreign minister Bronisław Geremek famously calling Polish–German reconciliation ‘a miracle’. However, this honeymoon period ended when the socially conservative and Eurosceptic Law and Justice (PiS) party won Poland’s 2015 elections, remaining in power for eight challenging years until losing their majority in October 2023. Unlike previous post‑1989 governments, PiS did not prioritise relations with Berlin, and actively worked to counter perceived Franco–German EU dominance. Key contentions included divergent approaches to Russia, migration, climate policies, and European integration. Historical tensions resurfaced as Warsaw threatened to sue Germany for wartime reparations, while Poland’s departure from liberal‑democratic principles – undermining its Constitutional Court and judicial independence – created domestic incompatibility with Germany’s fundamental values. Previously, scholars attributed progress in Polish–German relations to European integration’s consensus‑building impact, similar to Franco–West German relations during and after the Cold War. However, questions arose about whether this mitigating effect diminished as Poland achieved full EU membership and claimed stakeholder status in the integration process. The analysis argues that while Europeanisation’s importance for Poland’s domestic transition has weakened, it still plays a vital role in Warsaw Berlin relations. Despite the turbulent 2015–2023 period, Polish–German relations would have …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: europeanisation, Poland, Germany, security, economy, enlargement
  topic: keywords
creator: Marcin Zaborowski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Polska https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 265
ending page: 285

Oil, Power, and Strategy: A Game Theory Analysis of Geopolitical Interactions in the Guiana Region
type: item
description: This paper analyses the ongoing tensions in the Guiana region of South America between Guyana and Venezuela over the Essequibo region. It utilises game theory to evaluate strategic decisions between Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil (a regional player), and the USA (a permanent global power). This is done to articulate the decision‑making processes in the conflict, which may involve both competition and cooperation. The main goal is to foster an understanding of how these interactions shape regional stability and the implications for global energy security. The paper applies the prisoner’s dilemma, stag hunt, and iterative game models to ascertain possible outcomes. The analysis suggests that cooperative efforts, particularly through mediation by Brazil, may lead to mutual gains. However, a lack of mutual trust between the two warring parties may reinforce mutual defection as a suboptimal yet stable outcome. The research seeks to provide insights for policymakers in the region who aim to navigate the security‑related strategies therein.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: game theory, geopolitics, Guiana region, territorial dispute, energy security
  topic: keywords
creator: Joshua Phillip Walcott
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Polska https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 241
ending page: 264

Legal Conditions for Conducting Master of Business Administration (MBA) Postgraduate Studies in Poland
type: item
description: The Act of December 16, 2016, on the principles of state property management, which entered into force on January 1, 2017, set out the requirements for candidates for members of supervisory or management bodies of companies with State Treasury shareholding. One of the requirements for applying for candidacy is completion of a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree. Apart from the name itself, the legislator did not decide to specify any particular requirements for such postgraduate studies. In academic practice, these studies are conducted on the basis of general principles set out in the Act of July 20, 2018, on Higher Education and Science. The purpose of this article is to analyze selected regulations in order to determine the legal conditions applicable to the implementation of Master of Business Administration (hereinafter also referred to as MBA) postgraduate studies, as well as to propose de lege ferenda proposals in this regard.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Master of Business Administration, MBA, postgraduate studies, state property management
  topic: keywords
creator: Mateusz W. Kuliński
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Polska https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 227
ending page: 240

Reception of Tocqueville’s Theory of Democracy in The Fall of Western Civilization by Florian Znaniecki
type: item
description: The article analyzes the reception of Tocqueville’s theory of democracy in the essay The Fall of Western Civilization by Florian Znaniecki. Although this work is less known within the sociologist’s oeuvre, it contains important reflections on the crisis of values in modern democratic societies. The author points to the convergence between Tocqueville’s and Znaniecki’s views regarding the inevitability of egalitarianism and centralization in mass democracy, as well as the dangers posed by the dominance of materialism and the weakening of communal life. Znaniecki, combining philosophy and sociology, formulates a diagnosis of the West’s cultural decadence, warning of its consequences, visible for example in Bolshevism. The article also discusses Znaniecki’s references to French authors – Gobineau and de Custine – showing how his criticism of biological racism and racial imperialism contrasts with the views of these thinkers. In his portrayal of Bolshevism, Znaniecki echoes Custine’s depiction of Russia as a civilization alien to the West, while simultaneously warning that similarly destructive movements may arise in the democratic world if cultural foundations remain unprotected. Znaniecki also proposes a concept of the nation as a cultural community and race as a socio‑symbolic category, distinguishing himself from Gobineau’s racial essentialism. In the final section, the article compares the concept of civil society in Tocqueville and Znaniecki—the former sees associations as a guarantee of liberty, while the latter observes their erosion and calls for the renewal of the spiritual elite. The article demonstrates that Tocqueville’s critique of democracy finds a creative and timely continuation in Znaniecki’s work, serving as a warning against the disintegration of values and institutions in modern democracies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Florian Znaniecki, Alexis de Tocqueville, mass democracy, civil society, social materialism, cultural values, Bolshevism, spiritual aristocracy, racism and nationalism, crisis of Western civilization
  topic: keywords
creator: Michał Kuź
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Polska https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 211
ending page: 226

Liberty and Citizenry in the Polish‑ Lithuanian Commonwealth: Actonian Approach
type: item
description: In common understanding, the term ‘citizen’ refers to the citizenship of a given state and the right to vote, equal to that of other fellow citizens. This interpretation overlooks the most important aspect of citizenship, namely the real and consistent influence of citizens on the fate of their community. This dimension of citizenship is emphasised by Lord Acton, who highlights the participation of citizens in decision‑making, particularly at the local level, and rejects reducing it to the act of casting a vote at the ballot box, beyond which they remain indifferent and without any influence. The article briefly presents Acton’s understanding of citizenship and applies his approach to the nobles of the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth. The second part of the article analyses the issue of ‘parliamentary reform’ after the wars with Muscovy and Sweden in the second half of the 17th century, pointing out that the primary responsibility for the failure of these efforts lay not with the nobles but with the royal couple and their ability to control the senate and the overwhelming majority in the house of deputies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject:
  topic: keywords
  value: Civic liberty, citizenship, local self‑government, gentry democracy, constitutional law, English Constitutionalism, American regime, parliamentary reforms, political nation, Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth, Muscovy, Swedish Deluge
creator: Krzysztof Łazarski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Polska https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 195
ending page: 210

Psychological Aspects of Forced Migrations: The Case of Ukrainians Studying in Polish Schools
type: item
description: Since 2022, due to the war in Ukraine, Poland has transformed from a state accepting relatively few refugees to one of the world’s leading refugee‑receiving countries. This article presents the psychological aspects of forced migration. It focuses on Ukrainian children who, as a result of Russian aggression, began studying in Polish schools. It draws attention to challenges faced by children and their parents/guardians. In the context of the mental well‑being of children and youth from Ukraine, the article addresses the relationship between students and the issue of simultaneous participation in the Polish and Ukrainian education systems. Understanding the psychological determinants is crucial to supporting effective adaptation and integration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: refugees, Ukraine, Poland, students, psychological aspects
  topic: keywords
creator: Katarzyna Gmaj
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Polska https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 183
ending page: 194

Macroeconomic Shocks and Institutional Reconfiguration of Economic Governance in the European Union
type: item
description: The article analyzes the impact of macroeconomic shocks on the institutional evolution of economic governance in the European Union between 2007 and 2022, with particular emphasis on the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Drawing on the paradigm of New Institutional Economics and theories of European integration, it demonstrates that the financial, sovereign debt, and pandemic crises acted as catalysts of functional drift, leading to a redistribution of competences and a shift in the institutional balance toward the supranational level. Particular attention is given to tensions arising from the asymmetry between a unified monetary policy and fragmented fiscal oversight, as well as limited coordination of macroeconomic policies. The analysis shows that institutional responses involved the development of extra‑treaty fiscal instruments and the expansion of the mandates of the European Commission and the European Central Bank, despite the absence of formal treaty reform. As a result, a hybrid model of economic governance has emerged, characterized by greater institutional flexibility and an increasing role for the supranational component. The article contributes to the study of the institutional dimension of EU economic integration by portraying economic governance as a domain of structural adaptation under repeated systemic shocks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: European Union, Euro Area, Economic and Monetary Union, Institutional Economics, Crisis, Economic Integration, Macroeconomic Shocks
  topic: keywords
creator: Justyna Bokajło
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Polska https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 162
ending page: 182

Determinants of Leadership as Reflected in the Subject Literature and in the Context of Education Management in Poland
type: item
description: The purpose of this article is to present the results of a literature review within the scope of leadership and its determinants, and to introduce a tool for studying leadership in educational system establishments. The survey is a pilot project aiming to verify the assumptions concerning leadership in education and to validate the proposed research tool in terms of its coherence and the thematic scope of the issues addressed. Following the verification of the tool, the survey will be continued with further groups of entities and, based on the results, recommendations for the educational sector in Poland will be developed, including reference to educational systems in other countries. The study is of a testing nature and constitutes a starting point for research on statistically significant samples. The author is aware of the limitations of this study; however, the results indicate that the topic is important and warrants further research. The subject discussed is significant in the context of conscious and responsible management of organisation. The scope of the study is innovative, as no quantitative research on leadership models in education has been conducted to date. The article may serve as an inspiration and a guideline for conducting further research in this area.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: leadership, leader, leadership determinants, education system in Poland, management in education
  topic: keywords
creator: Katarzyna Adamiak
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Polska https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 146
ending page: 161

The Competitiveness of the Polish Economy in the Face of Climate Challenges and EU Regulations
type: item
description: The European Green Deal is a groundbreaking strategy of the European Union aimed at achieving climate neutrality by 2050 while maintaining economic competitiveness and social justice. The consistent implementation of the strategy aimed at achieving climate neutrality in Europe has brought about significant legislative, financial, and technological changes that are intended to accelerate the green transition, especially in countries such as Poland, where the challenges associated with high emissions are particularly significant. As a result, questions are increasingly being asked about whether Europe will be able to implement these solutions without losing its international competitive position. The article analyzes the current goals, progress, barriers, and financing options for the transition, with a particular focus on the possibility of using European funds to build economic competitiveness and mitigate the negative effects, including the social costs of the transition.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: climate policy, climate neutrality, European Green Deal, climate change, energy transition, renewable energy sources, European Commission, European Union, European funds
  topic: keywords
creator: Zbysław Ziemacki
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Polska https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 135
ending page: 145

The Effect of Oil Production on Various Macroeconomic Factors: The Case Study of the Economy of Kazakhstan
type: item
description: This thesis analyses the effect of oil prices on GDP, inflation, and the exchange rate in the case of the Republic of Kazakhstan, based on quarterly data from 2000 Q1 to 2022 Q4. To estimate to what extent oil prices affect the economic aggregators of Kazakhstan, the Vector Autoregression Model (VAR) is implemented. The findings disclose the presence of statistically significant Granger Cause running from oil prices to the exchange rate, inflation, and GDP. Based on the outcome of IRFs and VD, it has been found that there is a positive impact of oil prices on inflation and GDP; conversely, the effect between oil prices and the exchange rate has been found to be negative. Additionally, we can summarise that changes in oil prices greatly contribute to the fluctuations in GDP; however, the contribution of oil prices is fainter in terms of the exchange rate and inflation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Oil prices, inflation, Kazakhstan, exchange rate, VAR model, SVAR model, Granger causality, oil-exporting economies
  topic: keywords
creator: Ayana Rakhimanova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Polska https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 95
ending page: 134

Competency Exclusion as a Challenge of the Modern Labuor Market – Recommendations and Best Practices
type: item
description: Competency exclusion constitutes one of the key challenges for contemporary societies. Mitigating the negative effects of this phenomenon requires the implementation of appropriate measures. The primary objective of this article is to explore the issue of competency exclusion and to identify best practices and recommendations that can be implemented at various levels of management. This is achieved based on the authors’ analysis of secondary sources, including reports and studies from both Polish and international contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: competency exclusion, labour market, best practices, competency gap, qualification, education, development
  topic: keywords
creator: Anna Bojanowska-Sosnowska
creator: Piotr Cieplucha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Polska https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 73
ending page: 94

In Dubio Pro Tributario: The Idea of Protecting Taxpayers in the Face of the Reality of the Polish Tax System
type: item
description: The paper presents the origin and essence of the in dubio pro tributario principle, regulated in Article 2a of the Tax Ordinance Act and implemented in the Polish legal system since January 1, 2016. This principle was intended to enhance the protection of taxpayers in cases of interpretative doubts concerning tax law provisions. The analysis highlights the limitations introduced by the formalization of the principle, restricting its application to legal doubts while excluding factual uncertainties. The study examines the practical application of the principle by tax administration authorities and its interpretation in administrative court rulings. It demonstrates that the principle is rarely applied, and its potential protective function remains largely unfulfilled.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: in dubio pro tributario, tax law, taxpayer protection, Tax Ordinance Act, tax administration
  topic: keywords
creator: Karol Strzała
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Polska https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 60
ending page: 72

The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis: Causes, Mechanisms, Consequences
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The article will discuss the main theories concerning financial crises, the specific economic situation in Asian countries before the crisis, as well as the internal and external factors that contributed to its outbreak and spread. In addition, the effects of the crisis on individual countries in the region and attempts to repair the economic situation will be analyzed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: financial crisis, Asian crisis of 1997, global economy, macroeconomic indicators
  topic: keywords
creator: Piotr Stolarczyk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Uczelnia Łazarskiego w Warszawie, Polska https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 28
ending page: 59

The Price of a Member of Parliament’s Seat. How Much Does It Cost to Convince a Voter? A Comparison of Expenditures on Election Campaigns by Polish Political Parties in 2011–2019
type: item
description: The text is an analysis of the expenses incurred by electoral committees in the elections to the Polish Parliament in 2011, 2015 and 2019. The principles of financing the election campaign are presented. The analysis mainly concerns the relationship between inflation and expenses, changes in expenses incurred and the costs of winning one parliamentary seat by committees.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: elections, election campaign, parliamentary mandate, campaign financing, committee expenses
  topic: keywords
creator: Łukasz Łukasik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-03-31
publication date: 2024-03-31
starting page: 109
ending page: 121

Migration and Higher Education in Poland
type: item
description: The article presents reflections on migration and its role in the area of higher education in Poland. It highlights the problems and difficulties faced by foreign students studying in Poland.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: migration, higher education, Polish Law on Higher Education and Science
  topic: keywords
creator: Adrian Chojan
creator: Karolina Woźniczko
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-03-31
publication date: 2024-03-31
starting page: 97
ending page: 108

The Rule of Law Crisis and Political Economy. The Case of Poland
type: item
description: In recent years, the phenomenon of the rule of law crisis has been widely discussed. This issue was raised especially by researchers representing legal and political sciences. However, the rule of law also has an important socioeconomic dimension. The socioeconomic context of the rule of law can be considered on the one hand in the context of institutional economics, and on the other hand in the realm of political economy. In the empirical part, in relation to the crisis of the rule of law, an approach based on the achievements of comparative political economy was used, which made it possible to examine how the crisis of the rule of law has contributed to the perpetuation of the current model of a “dependent market economy” based on foreign direct investments carried out mainly outside the most innovative sectors.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: rule of law crisis, authoritarian capitalism, political economy, dependent market economy, Poland
  topic: keywords
creator: Paweł Leszczyński
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-03-31
publication date: 2024-03-31
starting page: 62
ending page: 96

Selected VAT and Excise Duty Problems Regarding to Prosumer
type: item
description: The author defines a research problem as functioning of the system of incentives intended for prosumers. The aim of the study is to verify the hypothesis that the system of incentives for prosumers proposed by the Polish legislator is illusory and may be insufficient to achieve the goals set by the European Union. The reason for taking up the research topic was the research gap in this area. Based on individual interpretations of tax authorities and case law of the Courts of Justice of the European Union, VAT and excise tax regulations were analyzed in the context of the functioning of prosumers. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that there is a significant discrepancy between the normative solutions and their interpretation by the tax authorities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: prosumer, renewable energy sources, Fit for 55, excise tax, VAT
  topic: keywords
creator: Patrycja Fatyga-Wiśniewska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-03-31
publication date: 2024-03-31
starting page: 42
ending page: 61

Sustainable Financing Instruments in the Context of the Eastern Partnership Program
type: item
description: The Eastern Partnership Program is one of the main instruments of the EU foreign policy to regulate relations with third countries. The program includes six states of Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. This initiative contributes to the intensification of political and economic relations between the European Union and the above-mentioned countries. Eastern Partnership Program focuses on sustainable development, rule of law, digital transformation of the economy, and “shaping a green economy” among other areas. A new instrument designed for the EU foreign policy was presented, such an instrument: “Global Europe/Neighborhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument (NDICI)”. The plans and programs outlined in the Global Europe instrument are fully in line with the post-2020 policy of the European Union’s Eastern Partnership.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Eastern Partnership Program, sustainable economy, global Europe, financial instruments
  topic: keywords
creator: Neli Sesadze
creator: Lia Pitiurishvili
creator: Nineli Tevdorashvili
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-03-31
publication date: 2024-03-31
starting page: 25
ending page: 41

Current Issues of Financing “Green” Projects
type: item
description: The urgency of the problem to be studied is due to the lack of effective financial and economic mechanisms for attracting investments in ecological projects to ensure sustainable economic development in Georgia. The purpose of the work is to determine the main directions of financing environmental projects in the country based on the analysis of global trends. The main directions of “green” investments are considered following the sustainable development goals developed by the United Nations, according to the prospective scenarios of the world economy, with the ecological (“green”) conduct of business. To finance “green” projects, the main tools and levers for supporting private investors are studied, which include government regulation measures, public financing, lending, and risk reduction. The sectoral directions of “green” investments in Georgia are, first of all, sectors related to the most energy-and resource-intensive production (electricity and heat supply, mining, transport and transportation, IT and telecommunications, industrial infrastructure), and the most important measures to stimulate private investments Preferential lending and loan guarantees can be used in “green” projects (in particular, waste recycling and reuse projects, creation and introduction of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technologies); The development of “green” bonds (which requires a regulatory framework, appropriate standards, and a government support mechanism) and the creation of “green” banks (with the participation of the state and development institutions). The problem of environmental pollution is one of the most urgent in the modern world, and the future of all countries depends on its solution. In 2015, the United Nations developed 17 sustainable development goals, seven of which are aimed at solving environmental problems, and it was determined that sustainable economic development involves the socio-economic activities of the current generation without harmi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: “green” economy, “green” projects, financing instruments, climatic risks, corporate credit risks, carbonaceous products
  topic: keywords
creator: Nino Samchkuashvili
creator: Tamar Dudauri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-03-31
publication date: 2024-03-31
starting page: 8
ending page: 24

The Impact of the Presence of a Rival on the Propensity to Engage One’s Own Cognitive Resources in a Discounting Situation
type: item
description: The main theoretical framework of this paper is the Prospect Theory by Daniel Kahneman and Amost Tversky (1979). According to its assumptions, decisions regarding economic resources depend on whether the effects of a given decision are viewed through the lens of gains or losses relative to a benchmark against which the decision‑maker compares possible end results. The study (N = 344) explored the impact of the presence of a rival, as an element of the situational decision‑making context, on the propensity to engage one’s own cognitive resources. The study was based on the discounting paradigm (assessing the subjective value of (1) a prize certain but deferred in time or (2) available immediately but available with a certain probability). The analysis showed an effect of the presence of a rival on the propensity to commit one’s own resources. This effect was moderated by both the gender of the decision‑maker and its interaction with the gender of the rival, as well as by the certainty of winning resulting from the context of the task - probability discounting vs. deferral discounting.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: one’s own cognitive resources engagement, prospect theory, presence of a rival
  topic: keywords
creator: Witold Siekierzyński
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uczelnia Łazarskiego https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-09
publication date: 2024-12-09
starting page: 116
ending page: 146

State policy on the residential real estate market: efficiency of property taxes in OECD countries
type: item
description: The subject of the study concerns the role of the state on the residential real estate market. The instruments used by the state to intervene in the housing market and the arguments for and against this intervention were discussed. The aim of this article is to analyze the state’s activity on the housing market in the area of property taxes. The author attempted to assess the effectiveness of the tax instruments used in OECD countries and presented proposals for changes in this area that could increase the revenue efficiency and social justice of property taxes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: residential real estate market, property taxes, equality and efficiency of taxes, property tax reform
  topic: keywords
creator: Joanna Działo
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uczelnia Łazarskiego https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 8
ending page: 27

The Illusion of Explanatory Depth from the Perspective of Consumer Behavior, Business and Economics
type: item
description: The article explores the phenomenon of the illusion of explanatory depth (IOED) from the perspective of consumer behaviour, business, and economics. IOED describes a cognitive bias where individuals overestimate their understanding of complex phenomena, often revealed when deeper explanations are required. Within consumer behaviour, IOED impacts product knowledge, social proof dynamics, and brand loyalty, influencing purchasing decisions and market strategies. In business and economics, it manifests in overconfidence, misjudgement of risks, and undervaluation of expertise, leading to poor decision‑making and potential organizational failures. The study highlights strategies for mitigating IOED through education, transparent communication, and fostering exploration, offering practical implications for marketers, business leaders, and economists. By acknowledging the limitations of perceived understanding and leveraging tools such as strategic questioning and continuous learning, stakeholders can enhance decision‑making processes and adapt effectively to dynamic environments. The article emphasizes the critical importance of mindfulness and informed approaches in addressing the challenges posed by IOED in contemporary contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: the illusion of explanatory depth, consumer behaviour, business, economics
  topic: keywords
creator: Anastasiia Menshykova
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Uczelnia Łazarskiego https://creativecom-mons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
date: 2024-12-09
publication date: 2024-12-09
starting page: 106
ending page: 115